Weifang Phoenix New Material Co., Ltd
Weifang Hota New Material Technology Co., Ltd. is a high-tech chemical enterprise integrating research and development, production, sales and technical services. Headquartered in Weifang, Shandong Province. Its production facilities are located in Weifang Binhai Chemical Industry Park, a state-approved chemical industry park.
Our mission is to be the leading sustainable "one-stop shop" chemical solutions company, providing customers with innovative, science-led, differentiated products and solutions. To this end, we provide a safe and healthy working environment for our employees and comply with all local, national and international regulations.
Polyvinyl chloride (Polyvinyl chloride), abbreviated as PVC, is the world's third largest production of synthetic polymer plastics (after polyethylene and polypropylene), the annual production of about 40 million tons of PVC. PVC is vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in peroxide, azo compounds, and other initiators, or under the action of light, heat, and other polymers in accordance with free radical polymerization reaction mechanism. Polymer. Vinyl chloride homopolymer and vinyl chloride copolymer collectively called vinyl chloride resin.
PVC was once the world's most widely produced general-purpose plastic and is used in a wide variety of applications. there are two types of PVC, rigid (sometimes abbreviated RPVC) and soft. Rigid PVC is used for building pipes, doors and windows. It is also used to make plastic bottles, packaging, and bank or loyalty cards. Adding plasticizers makes PVC softer and more flexible. It is used in pipes, cable insulation, flooring, signs, phonograph records, inflatable products and rubber substitutes.
PVC is an amorphous structure of white powder, small degree of branching, glass transition temperature of 77 ~ 90 ºC, 170 ºC or so began to decompose , the stability of light and heat is poor, above 100 ºC or after a long period of exposure to sunlight, it will decompose and produce hydrogen chloride, and further autocatalytic decomposition, causing discoloration, physical and mechanical properties also decline rapidly, in practical applications must be added to stabilizers in order to improve stability against Stabilizers must be added to improve the stability to heat and light in practical applications.
The molecular weight of industrially produced PVC is generally in the range of 50,000 to 110,000, with a large polydispersity, molecular weight increases with the decrease in polymerization temperature, no fixed melting point, 80 ~ 85 ºC began to soften, 130 ºC into a viscoelastic state, 160 ~ 180 ºC began to change into a viscous flow state; have good mechanical properties, tensile strength of 60MPa or so, impact strength of 5 ~ 10kJ / m2; have excellent dielectric properties. PVC is insoluble in common solvents, but will swell in monomer and some chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents.
Physical And Chemical Properties
Polyvinyl chloride is slightly yellow translucent, glossy. Transparency better than polyethylene, polypropylene, worse than polystyrene, with different amounts of additives, divided into soft and hard polyvinyl chloride, soft products are soft and tough, sticky feel, hard products are higher than the hardness of low-density polyethylene, but lower than the polypropylene, in the bending place will be whitening phenomenon. Stable; not easily corroded by acids and alkalis; more resistant to heat.
Polyvinyl chloride has the advantages of flame retardant (flame retardant value of 40 or more), high resistance to chemicals (resistant to concentrated hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid at a concentration of 90%, nitric acid at a concentration of 60%, and sodium hydroxide at a concentration of 20%), good mechanical strength and electrical insulation.
Polyvinyl chloride is less stable to light and heat. The softening point is 80ºC, and it starts to decompose at 130ºC. In the case of not heating stabilizers, polyvinyl chloride 100 ºC when the decomposition began, 130 ºC above the decomposition of the faster. Heat decomposition releases hydrogen chloride gas (hydrogen chloride gas is a toxic gas) to make it change color, from white → light yellow → red → brown → black. Ultraviolet rays and oxygen in the sunlight will make PVC photo-oxidative decomposition, so that the flexibility of PVC decreases, and finally brittle. This is the reason why some PVC plastics become yellow and brittle after a long time.
It has stable physicochemical properties, insoluble in water, alcohol, gasoline, low gas and water vapor leakage; it can resist any concentration of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid below 90%, 50-60% nitric acid and caustic soda solution below 20% at room temperature, and it has a certain degree of chemical corrosion resistance; it is quite stable to salts, but it is able to be dissolved in organic solvents such as ether, ketone, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Industrial PVC resin is mainly amorphous structure, but also contains some crystalline region (about 5%), so PVC has no obvious melting point, about 80 ºC began to soften, heat distortion temperature (1.82MPa load) for 70-71 ºC, under pressure at 150 ºC began to flow, and began to slowly release hydrogen chloride, resulting in PVC color change (from yellow to red, brown, or even black). The color of PVC changes (from yellow to red, brown or even black).
The weight average relative molecular mass of industrial PVC is in the range of 48-48 thousand, and the corresponding number average relative molecular mass is 2-1.95 million. The majority of industrial resins have a weight average relative molecular mass in the range of 100,000-200,000 and a number average relative molecular mass in the range of 45,500-64,000. Rigid PVC (without plasticizers) has good mechanical strength, weatherability and flame resistance, and can be used alone as a structural material in the manufacture of pipes, plates and injection-molded products in the chemical industry. Rigid PVC can be used as reinforcing material.
Density: 1380kg/m³
Young's modulus of elasticity (E): 2900-3400MPa
Tensile strength (σt): 50-80MPa
Elongation at break:20-40%
Glass transition temperature: 87 ºC
Melting point: 212 ºC
Softening Temperature:85 ºC
Thermal conductivity (λ): 0.16 W/(m-K)
Thermal expansion coefficient (α): 8×10-5 /K
Heat capacity (c): 0.9 kJ/(kg-K)
Water absorption (ASTM): 0.04-0.4
Refractive index: 1.52~1.55
Material Processing
Polyvinyl chloride plastic forms are different, there is a big difference, processing methods are also varied, can be pressed, extruded, injected, coated and so on. The particle size, fish-eye, bulk density, purity, foreign impurities, porosity of PVC resin have an effect on the processability; paste resin should consider the viscosity of the paste and gelling properties.
Polyvinyl chloride is an amorphous polymer with small shrinkage. Powder should be preheated before processing to exclude moisture, enhance the plasticizing effect and prevent air bubbles. And PVC is very easy to decompose, especially at high temperatures in contact with steel, copper is more likely to decompose (decomposition temperature of 200 degrees). Molding temperature range is small, must strictly control the material temperature. The use of screw-type injection molding machine and straight through the nozzle, the hole diameter should be large, in order to prevent dead-end stagnant material. Mold casting system should be coarse, the gate cross-section should be large, the mold should be cooled, mold temperature 30-60 ºC, material temperature 160-190 ºC.
In the glass transition temperature (Tg, 80 ºC) below, PVC for the glassy state; in the Tg → viscous flow temperature (Tf, about 160 ºC) was highly elastic rubbery, plasticity; in the Tf → thermal decomposition temperature (Td) for the viscous flow state, the higher the temperature, the easier the flow. When the temperature exceeds Td, PVC decomposes a large amount of hydrogen chloride (HCl), and the material loses its chemical stability and physical properties, so Td is the upper limit temperature for processing and molding. Due to the high intermolecular forces of polyethylene, Tf is very high, even close to the decomposition temperature, so it is necessary to add plasticizers to reduce Tf. On the other hand, it is also necessary to add stabilizers, thus increasing the Td of PVC, in order to be able to process molding.
The glass transition temperature (Tg) is only related to the structure of molecular chain segment, and has little relationship with molecular weight, while the viscous flow temperature (Tf) is the temperature at which the macromolecule starts to move, and is related to the size of molecular weight, the larger the molecular weight, the higher the Tf. Therefore, it is necessary to appropriately reduce the molecular weight of the resin for certain process molding (e.g., injection molding). According to the different size of molecular weight, the domestic suspension PVC resin is divided into 1-7 levels, the larger the serial number, the smaller the molecular weight.XJ-4 (XS-4) to XJ-7 (XS-7) type resins are commonly used in the manufacture of hard pipes, hard boards and so on, and the other types of resins with lower and larger molecular weights are commonly used in the manufacture of soft products because of the high Tf and the need to add a large number of plasticizers to make the Tf lower. The average polymerization degree of PVC below 1000 is called low polymerization PVC, which has better processing performance, and less plasticizer can be added during processing, so that the migration of plasticizer will not accelerate the aging of the products. Low polymerization polyvinyl chloride products have good transparency, widely used in construction materials, food and drug packaging materials and replace organic glass products.
Polyvinyl chloride melt is a non-Newtonian pseudo-fluid, the larger the shear speed, the smaller the apparent viscosity, and the change is quite sensitive. The higher the temperature, the viscosity is not reduced much, even if the plastic is below the decomposition temperature, but because of the long time at a higher temperature, it will also start the heat and oxidative degradation phenomenon, and affect its performance. Therefore, to improve the fluidity of PVC melt, the main consideration should be to increase the shear rate (increase pressure). In fact, increasing the external force helps the movement of macromolecules, so that the Tf is reduced and the macromolecules can flow at a lower temperature.
Main Application
Vinyl chloride profiles
Profiles and profiles are the largest area of PVC consumption in China, accounting for about 25% of the total consumption of PVC, which is mainly used for making doors, windows and energy-saving materials, and its application volume is still growing substantially in the country. In developed countries, the market share of plastic doors and windows is also high, such as 50% in Germany, 56% in France and 45% in the United States.
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe
Among the many PVC products, PVC pipes are its second largest consumption area, accounting for about 20% of its consumption. In our country, PVC pipes are developed earlier than PE pipes and PP pipes, with many varieties, excellent performance and wide range of use, which occupy an important position in the market.
Polyvinyl chloride film
PVC film field on the consumption of PVC ranks third, accounting for about 10% or so. PVC and additives mixed, plasticized, the use of three-roller or four-roller calender to make the required thickness of transparent or color film, with this method of film processing, become calendered film. It can also be cut and heat-laminated to process bags, raincoats, tablecloths, curtains, inflatable toys and so on. Wide transparent film can be used for greenhouses, plastic greenhouses and ground cover. The bi-directionally stretched film can be used for shrink-wrapping due to its heat-shrinkage property.
PVC Rigid Material and Sheet
PVC in the addition of stabilizers, lubricants and fillers, after mixing, with the extruder can be extruded in a variety of calibers of hard pipe, profiled pipe, corrugated pipe, used as downpipes, drinking water pipes, wire casing or stair handrails. The calendered sheets are overlapped and hot pressed to make various thicknesses of rigid sheets. The sheet can be cut into the desired shape, and then welded into various chemical-resistant storage tanks, air ducts and containers with hot air using PVC welding rods.
PVC general soft goods
The use of extruders can be extruded into hoses, cables, wires, etc.; the use of injection molding machines with a variety of molds, can be made into plastic sandals, soles, slippers, toys, car parts, etc..
Polyvinyl chloride packaging materials
Polyvinyl chloride products used for packaging mainly for a variety of containers, film and rigid sheet. pvc containers are mainly used for the production of mineral water, beverage, cosmetic bottles, but also used for the packaging of refined oils. pvc film can be used with other polymers co-extruded with the production of low-cost laminates, as well as transparent products with good barrier properties. PVC film is also used in stretch or heat shrink packaging for mattresses, cloth, toys and industrial goods.
PVC Siding and Flooring
PVC siding is used primarily to replace aluminum siding. PVC floor tiles, in which the remaining components are recycled materials, adhesives, fillers, and other components in addition to a portion of the PVC resin, are used primarily in airport terminal floors and hard floors in other locations.
Polyvinyl Chloride Consumer Products
Luggage bags are traditionally made from processed polyvinyl chloride, which is used to make a variety of imitation leathers for luggage bags, sports products such as basketballs, soccer balls and rugby balls. It is also used to make belts for uniforms and specialized protective equipment. PVC fabrics for apparel are generally adsorbent fabrics (not coated), such as ponchos, baby pants, imitation leather jackets and a variety of rain boots. PVC is used in many sports and recreational products such as toys, records and sporting goods. PVC toys and sporting goods are growing significantly and have an advantage due to their low production costs and ease of molding.
PVC Coated Products
Artificial leather with backing is made by applying PVC paste on cloth or paper, and then plasticizing it above 100 °C. The PVC can also be coated with auxiliary materials first. PVC can also be calendered into a film with additives and then pressed together with the backing. Artificial leather without backing is directly calendered by calender into a soft sheet of certain thickness and then embossed with pattern. Artificial leather can be used to make leather suitcases, leather bags, book covers, sofa and car cushions, etc., as well as flooring leather, which is used as paving materials for buildings.
PVC Foam Products
When soft PVC is mixed, appropriate amount of foaming agent is added to make the sheet, and the foam is molded into foam, which can be used as foam slippers, sandals, insoles, and shock-proof and cushioning packaging materials. It can also be extruded into low-foaming hard PVC sheets and profiles, which can be used instead of wood.
PVC transparent sheet
PVC with impact modifier and organic tin stabilizer, after mixing, plasticizing, calendering and become transparent sheet. Using thermoforming, it can be made into thin-walled transparent containers or used for vacuum blister packaging, and is an excellent packaging and decorative material.
Others
Doors and windows are assembled with rigid shaped materials. In some countries have been with wooden doors and windows aluminum windows and other common occupation of the market of doors and windows; imitation wood materials, substitute steel building materials (north, seaside); hollow containers.
| ITEMS |
Viscosity(ml/g) |
K value |
Impurity particle number |
Volatiles (incl. water), % |
Bulk density, g/ml |
"fish eye" number unit /400cm2 |
100g resin plasticizer absorbtion, g |
Whiteness(after 160ºC10min) |
Residual VCM, ppm |
| Spec. |
107-118 |
66-68 |
16max |
0.40max |
0.53min |
20max |
20min |
80min |
1.0max |
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